Geography discuss from the telegraph to the internet from the point of Essay

Geography discuss from the telegraph to the internet from the point of view of spaces and subjects of modernty - Essay Example As early as 3500 B.C., the Chinese people were busy using written alphabets and printing messages on paperlike material which was used to pass messages across long distances with the postal service that began around 900 B.C. This printed form of language was bound into books beginning around 100 A.D. The shortened form of books, newspapers, began appearing in the cities as early as 1450, but the typewriter wasn’t invented until 1714. All of these methods of communication were effective, even to pass messages across space and time, but they all required the human component to transport them in order to be effective. Joseph Henry invented the first telegraph in 1831 which broke this long-standing restriction, allowing messages to be passed as quickly as a signal could be sent over a wire. Alexander Graham Bell reasoned that if a single sound could be sent via wire, why not a range of sounds, such as a human voice? He perfected his telephone in 1876 and the wires were in place for the first transcontinental phone call to be made in 1914. Things pretty much remained the same on the communications front for a while as inventors explored the possibilities of other forms of communication such as radio, photography, cinema and television (Rowland, 1997). About the time that television was becoming household equipment, the first computers were becoming available for scientific use. As early as 1951, they were being produced and sold on the general market. However, computers as a communication tool didn’t really become an option until the advent of APRANET, the first form of a networked internet that was developed in 1969. These connections were made faster with the introduction of cable wire services in 1972 (Rowland, 1997). At this point, communications methods began speeding up, constantly changing and improving efficiency. In Japan in 1979, the

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Article Example The concept of fetal tissue transplant has been one of the most controversial aspects in recent medical research. The very fact that the tissue comes from aborted fetus has raised myriad questions especially amongst bioethical campaigners who feel it is certainly inappropriate to use aborted fetus as a panacea in a medical situation. Well, considering such arguments, it is imperative to realise that upon successful confirmation and development of fetal tissue transplant, it would really create the need to provide the fetal tissues in abundant supplies in order to address the growing demand. That would create a dilemma in the medical fraternity. Conventional ethics basically fails to concur with such a proposition. The situation becomes more intricate given that no consent is obtained from anybody when the fetus is used in the treatment. The greatest challenge that confronts the medical fraternity in the present age is the unavailability of other options with regard to the treatment of Parkinson disease. Sure enough, as a challenge to humanity, the disease needs to be addressed. In the United States, the issue had become so publicised to the extent that the president was forced to intervene and give a national broadcast with reference to the whole research undertaking. The common argument on ethical grounds regards the fact that the research will accelerate and encourage unnecessary abortions in the face of the growing need to treat patients through fetal tissue transplant. On the same account, bioethical researchers argue that a woman who accepts to conduct an abortion cannot authorise the use of the fetal tissues in the medical treatment because she will have abdicated her parental responsibility in the first place. Sure enough, that point holds water given the challenges that are likely to be realised with women conducing abortions in order to

Intrusion Detection System Case Study

Intrusion Detection System Case Study Abstract Intrusion Detection system (IDS) has become powerful to provide security against the attack. It will help us to identify the deterring and deflecting malicious attacks over the network [1]. To remove all these problem regarding to security has been removed by this paper. In this paper we will go through the theoretical basis for intrusion detection. A distributed intrusion detection system based on agents and on multi agents based distributed intrusion detection also discussed in this paper. Some string matching algorithm are also used for the intrusion detection system. Keywords Distributed Intrusion Detection System; Agents; Multi Agents. 1. Introduction In the introduction of this paper, we are concerning the string matching algorithm in intrusion detection algorithm. In further we will see how to use the algorithm in IDS. String matching algorithm provides the solution to the problem of Intrusion detection. This algorithm will help us to detect the suspicious attack. Bad Character Heuristics The bad character heuristics [2] is very similar to the Boyer Moore string algorithm before. In this algorithm the string is divided into n number of character. Then the message is to be checked to remove the malicious attacks. In this algorithm it will check the first character of a string which is to be entered in a message. If that string is to be considered wrong that means there is some attack and the whole message is not to be considered whether it is right. The problem regarding to this is that it can easily hide the default part in the strings. Aho-Corasick:-Aho-corasick Algorithm is also used to remove the limitation of pervious algorithm. In this algorithm Aho-Corasick [2] make a algorithm as a tree structure. In this there is current node such as a message which to be checked, then if there is a matching node found in the testing than for that other node is to be made. Then after that if any other current node is being tested and if any problem is matched to the present node then the other string is to be tested. SFK Search In SFK search algorithm [2] in this there is a sibling node or the text cases are being present in the form of sibling. So that the current node is being tested by the sibling node ,then at that point the detection is being found ,then it will be added to the sibling node. Otherwise the next node will be tested. By using this algorithm we can find an efficient result. Wu-Manber This algorithm was developed by Wu-Manber [2] in this the limitation of bad character heuristics algorithm is being removed. In this algorithm the shift and hash two table are made to make the detection easy. In this there is character set in the shift table then it will be c be checked in the first table if the defect is found then it is move to the second table. 2. Problem in String Matching Algorithm Some problems are discussed here:- Snort:-Snort uses a set of rules that being derived by a attacks or other defects [2]. The rules are being made by the expert .If the condition is being satisfied then the action is being applied. Snort is a best practices and knowledge of the internet. Snort is a method through which some problem can be removed. In snort there is problem that the use of internet increases, then the definition of snort also increases. In this the use of snort increases so that the database also being very loaded so that there is a complexity in the data base. Due to this the speed of the snort database will decreases. 3. Agent Based Intrusion Detection System To use agent in the intrusion detection system there are some problem which we discussed here:- a) Real time of the intrusion detection and response is not so good [3]. b) If we make the centralized database and all the collective information is sent to that host then there should be overloading [3]. C) If some new hosts are added in the centralized database then the load increases [3]. d) Flexibility of system is not so good. e) Lack of co-operation between different intrusion detection system. To remove this problem there is agent based intrusion detection system used. 1. Agent-Agent is a self-adaptable. Intelligent and collaborative. In this the one is agent interact with the other agent. There are two type of agent: (a)Static agent:-static agent is proposed by the agent technology. In this which platform is being made it is being final, no changes should be made [3]. (b)Mobile agent:- It is capable to move from one node to another network [3] . 3.Working of Distributed Intrusion Detection Based On Agent:- Some merits of agent technology in this paper we will discussed the distributed intrusion detection based on agents [3] . Some parts are: Manage agent, Host Agent, Net Agent .Manage Agent include Mobile Agent Dispatcher (MAD), Learn Agent, Update Agent. -Static Agents are Net Agent and Learn Agent. -Mobile Agents are Manage Agent and Update Agent. In this the data will first checked by the Host Agent and Net Agent. They will detect the suspicious activity found in the data. Then it will send to the manage agent it will check the list in Mobile Agent Dispatcher which attack the host list and the Manage agent move to all the agent to find the similar attack. If mobile agent and and other agent found the threat then it will sent and inform to the Learn Agent which have the learning ability and Learning agent will update to the VHL. So the database is update and checks the other threat. Figure 1, Architecture of Distributed IDS Based on Agents [3]. 4. Distributed Intrusion Detection System On multi-agent In Distributed intrusion detection system only one agent is used to detect the suspicious attack. But the multi-agent it will helpful to find the suspicious attack [4]. (a)Problem:-Some problems are in multi-agent Distributed Intrusion Detection System [4] :- 1) Intrusion Detection cant test entire packet. 2) Signature Database update is not be done timely. 3) It is a single detection. 4) IT cannot interoperate the Intrusion Detection. 5) Intrusion Detection System and other network security cannot be interoperating. (b) Advantages:-some advantages are of Multi-agent are: 1. Intrusion Detection System based on multi-agent technology has a good independent, flexible, scalability [4]. 2. It will use top-down control mechanism which will work to prevent the damage [4]. 3. Each agent can inspect the system to ensure its safety. If it will lose the function, it will send its first message to the upper and then upper will restore the work[4]. 4. Agent analysis application software to protect a number of applications. Use the integrity analysis technology to make detection accurate [4]. (C) Working:- In this Multi-agent based IDS can monitor a analysis network and provide the accurate detection with improve speed. In this there is data collection agent which is configured according to network rate, data encryption etc, parameters. There is a data analysis agent which is based on expert system, state analysis and attacking tree analysis, data analysis agent can achieve high detection rate. There is communication agent which is the main part of multi-agent based IDS.IT must be configured to provide reliable security mechanism. There is a also a center agent which handle those condition that are not handled by analysis agent [4]. 5. Conclusion We have study the most common used String Matching Algorithm that are Bad Character heuristics, Aho-corasick, SFK search, WU-manber and also study the Intrusion detection in distributed computing that are based on agent and multi-agents. We have found that multi-agent based intrusion detection system can improve detection accuracy and detection speed and enhance the systems on security. We also found that Distributed Intrusion Detection Based on Agents and Multi Agents is the Reliable and more efficient than other IDS available Today. In future it also has scope for networks. 6. References Zhuowei Li , Theoretical Basis for Intrusion Detection , Amitabha Das, Jianying Zhou ,Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE workshop on Information Assurance and Security US Military Academy, west Point ,NY. Nathan Tuck, Deterministic Memory-Efficient Matching Algorithms for Intrusion Detection , Timothy Sherwood, Brad Calder , George Varghese, IEEE INFOCOM 2004. Jianxiao Liu , A Distributed Intrusion Detection System Based on Agents , Lijuan Li , IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008. Weijian Huang , A Multi-Agent-Based Distributed Intrusion Detection System, Yan An, Wei Du , 3 rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICATE) 2010.

Marriage :: essays research papers

Marriage Relationships In marriage realtionships we expected to learn a number of things including the comprimises couple must make with respect to such things as careers, finances, and children. Our initial impressions were that couples must be willing to make these sacrifices in order to have a long and fulfilling relationship with their spouse. In our discussion on pre-marital sex we both agreed that it was fine as long as it was done responsibly, meaning with the use of contraceptives. We stressed contraceptives because we felt that it was important not only to protect against pregnancy but as well as sexually transmitted diseases. We did however experience one conflict. Laura felt that love and serious committment should play a major role in whether or not a couple should have sex prior to marriage. I on the other hand was a little "looser" on the subject. I felt that it should mean something but that there was too much emphazes being placed on serious committment. On the subject of contraception anf family planning we had no disagreements. We felt that before having children we must first be able to establish ourselves financially. So once our respective careers were settled upon we could then plan when we would have children. However, until we did decide to have children we agreed that contraception would be used. The discussion we had on which topics which couples should agree upon was filled with lots of disagreements. We agreed that couples should agree on topics such as issues concerning the children, and major career decisions. We began to disagree on the issues of finances and the distribution of housework. I felt that I should handle all the money as well as do my share of the housework. Laura however, felt that she should be in charge of the money and that I should do all the housework. In the end we weren't able to settle on anything but we realized that it was important for married couple to agree on these topics because they are majo r decisions that affect both equally. The time we spent together was on our lunches and we discussed different aspects for marriage.

Explain How to Plan Essay

Define the key concepts and principles of assessment Assessment is the way of finding and documenting that learning has taken place. It also enables you as the assessor to identify if the learner has achieved the required competencies, skill and knowledge needed at the given point of assessment towards their qualification. Assessment need to be a regular process built into the training program. The starting point of assessment is the pre-course information. It must be explained when assessment is taking place and what form the assessment will be in. Criteria for success must also be given. Explain the responsibilities of the assessor Attending meeting, exhibitions, award ceremonies, presentation events; Carrying out assessments in accordance with organisations requirements; Checking the authenticity of any whiteness testimonies; Completing and maintaining safe and secure records; Countersigning other assessor’s judgements; Dealing with any appeals made against your assessment decisions; Following organisational and regulatory body procedures; Identifying and dealing with and barriers to fair assessment; Implementing internal and external verifier’s action points; Liaising with others involved in the assessment process; Making judgements based on the assessment criteria; Maintaining occupational competencies; Negotiation and agreeing assessment types and methods; Making best use of different assessment types and methods; Providing statistics to managers; Reviewing learner’s progress; Standardising practices with other assessors; Supporting learners with special requirements; Working towards relevant qualification; Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to the assessment in your own area of practice The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulation 1981 Provide adequate first aid equipment, facilities and people. Health and Safety at Work (MHSW) Regulations 1999 Assess the risks on anyone who may be affected by their activities. The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 Duty to register and undergo vetting process if working with vulnerable groups Equality Act 2010 Non-discrimination of age, disability, gender, race, religion/belief and sexual orientation. Q2 – Understand different types of assessment record Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners ASSIGNMENT – Several activities or tasks, practical or theoretical, to assess various aspects of a qualification over a period of time. Strengths Challenges a learners potential Consolidate learning Several aspects of a qualification can be assessed Some assignment are set with clear criteria by awarding organisation Limitations Ensuring all aspects of the syllabus are covered Can be time consuming to prepare and assess Must be individually assessed with written feedback Assessor may be biased when marking CASE STUDY / SCENARIOS – Hypothetical situation, a description of an actual event or incomplete event, enabling learners to explore the situation. Strengths Can make topics more realistic enhancing motivation and interest Can be conducted individually or in a group Builds on current knowledge and experience Limitations If assessed in a group roles need to be individually assigned an personal contribution assessed Time should be allowed for a debrief Must have clear outcomes Can be time consuming to prepare and assess CHECKLISTS – A list of criteria that needs to be met to confirm that competence or achievement. Strengths Can form part of an ongoing record of achievement or profile Assessment can take place when the learner is ready Ensures all criteria are met and records are kept Limitations Learners may lose their copy and not remember what they’ve learnt ESSAYS – A formal piece of written text that has been produced by the learner for a specific topic Strengths Useful for academic subjects Can check your learners language and literacy skills at specific levels Limitations Not suitable for low level learners Marking can be time consuming Plagiarism can be an issue Doesn’t normally have right or wrong answer so can be difficult to grade Learners need good writing skills EXAMINATIONS – A formal test that should be conducted in certain conditions. Strengths Can be Open Book, enabling learners to have books and notes with them Some learners like the challenge of a formal examination and cope well Limitations Invigilation required Security arrangements before and after need to be in place for papers Learners may have been taught purely to pass the examination Learners may be anxious HOMEWORK – Activities carries out between sessions like answering questions on that day’s learning to confirm knowledge. Strengths Learners can complete at a time and pace that suits them Maintains an interest between sessions Encourages learners to stretch themselves Consolidates learning so far Limitations Clear time limits must be set Learners might not do it, or get someone else to do it for them Must be read/marked and individual feedback given OBSERVATIONS – Watching learners perform a skill. Strengths Enables skills to be seen in action Learners can make mistakes enabling them to realise what they’ve been doing wrong Can assess several aspects of a qualification at the same time Limitations Timing must be arranged No permanent record Questions still need to be asked to confirm understanding Assessor might not be objective with decision Q3 – Understand how to plan assessment Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment Subjects can be either non-accredited (no formal certificate) or accredited (certificate issued) in which case delivery and assessments are monitored by awarding organisation to ensure guidelines are followed. Therefore before assessing:- You need to be fully aware of the program and the qualification that you are assessing You must confirm relevant policies, requirements and qualifications of the particular subject You must know when the learners are ready to be assessed Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process.

How can a criminal record affect your life? Essay

What is a criminal record? A criminal record is a document that lists a person’s criminal and penal convictions pronounced by the courts of Canada in accordance with federal laws such as the Criminal Code of Canada. However, violating a traffic rule of the Quebec Highway Safety Code is not a criminal offence and would not result in a criminal record. In fact, offences to provincial penal laws do not result in criminal records. When you are convicted of a crime, that conviction may have effects that stick with you for years to come. It can affect what kind of job you may get, where you can go to school, as well as other things. If you have a criminal record, it is important to fully understand what that means. Never hesitate to ask questions of your lawyer or your probation officer. Many youth believe their criminal record is wiped clean when they are eighteen. THIS IS NOT NECESSARILY TRUE. Changes in the law have made it more difficult to leave your record behind and get on with your life. If you have committed a less serious crime, your record will be sealed. This means you don’t have to tell anyone except a judge that you have been convicted of a crime as a youth. So, employers won’t be able to find this out. What crimes are serious and less serious? Certain types of criminal convictions can result in the suspension or revocation of your driver’s license. The most common example of this is the DUI case. Other types of cases, such as drug cases, can affect your driver’s license too. A criminal conviction can also affect a person’s ability to obtain or keep virtually every professional license that is regulated by the state. Some professions require that the crime be related to the duties of the profession before the license will be affected; others simply require the crime to be one of â€Å"moral turpitude.† Following are classes of crimes: If you were convicted of a Class A crime (Murder, Attempted Murder, Arson 1, Assault 1, Robbery 1), or a â€Å"sex crime† you will never be able to seal your record. If you were convicted of a Class B crime (Possession of Stolen Property, Burglary, Sale of Drugs, Theft 1), you must wait 10 years, and not be convicted of another crime in order to seal your record. If you were convicted of a Class C crime (Forgery, Possession of a Firearm, Taking of Motor Vehicle without Owner’s Possession), you must wait 5 years, and not be convicted of another crime in order to seal your record. If you were convicted of a crime for which you had to only perform public service or take a class, your record will be sealed when you are eighteen. There are many factors at work in the case of the professional who is accused of crime; it is critical that the advice of a competent, creative, and insightful defense attorney be considered, since a conviction can have ramifications far beyond the case itself. There are several disadvantages to having a criminal record: A criminal record may harm your chances of getting a job in certain fields (e.g.: jobs related to security, finance, etc.); A criminal record may cause serious hassles while traveling. In fact, to obtain a visa to enter some countries, you must prove that you do not have a criminal record. For example, the United States will deny entry to tourists or immigrants who have criminal records for some criminal offences: polygamy, prostitution, drug trafficking, spying, etc.; If you have a criminal record, and you are convicted of another crime, you will most likely be punished more severely than a person who does not have any previous convictions; A criminal record may prevent you from joining a professional order, from  obtaining licenses or permits, or from getting certain insurance policies. We have all made mistakes in our lives. But for some people those mistakes come with the penalty of a criminal record filed by the RCMP, the courts and any local police involved when the charges were laid. The result is a detailed trail of criminal activity, which permanently labels the person as such, even if no subsequent criminal behavior is ever committed. We live in a society that encourages us to constantly improve ourselves. We are told to make changes when life choices have not worked out. We are educated to better ourselves, to be more responsible and productive and to become more useful members of society in general. But how to do that when a criminal record is forever telling the world of your past? It is particularly in terms of employment that we are evaluated on our personal history. In a job interview what you have done defines who you are. A history of criminal activity not only creates restrictions on employment. It also affects travel to the United States, job advancement, volunteer work, child custody and adoption, ability to be bonded, personal credibility, peace of mind and more. Many job opportunities are simply not available to persons with a criminal record. The existence of any criminal record, no matter how insignificant it may seem, is a negative label and a disadvantage in life. Furthermore, a file will exist even in cases where the person was found not-guilty in court. Criminal convictions listed on a criminal record often stigmatize a person. Not long ago, a person’s criminal record stayed with him for life. Today, however, you can obtain a pardon for your offences. To do so, you must demonstrate your best behavior and avoid any criminal convictions for a specified period of time after you have served your sentence.

The Mauna Loa Explodes Essay Example

The Mauna Loa Explodes Essay Example The Mauna Loa Explodes – Essay Example The paper "The Mauna Loa Explodes" is an excellent example of an essay on environmental studies. Pangaea, MA: On Tuesday, June 15th, 2015 the Mauna Loa ended its 9 years period of quiescence. This recent eruption began suddenly after a 3 year period of gradually increasing earthquake activities underneath the volcano. When the earthquake reached a maximum frequency of about 6.6 magnitudes, the earthquake took place beneath the southeast flank of the Mauna Loa. A series of repeated EDM and tilt measurements have indicated that the summit area of the volcano began to inflate shortly after the eruption of the summit six years ago in July 2009. The inflation in the volcano has increased substantially to the time of the eruption. The precursor to the eruption, several events were observed including an abrupt increase in the small earthquakes and volcanic tremors in the watch stations near Moku`aweoweo. At 08:45 p.m. on May 16, small earthquakes began at a rate of 2-3 per minute. By 09:30 p.m., the seismic background increased, marking the onset of tremor. Just before 1:00 a.m. on May 17, the tremor amplitude increased to the point that the astronomical telescopes on Mauna Kea, 42 km to the northwest, could not be stabilized because of the constant ground vibration. Military satellites recorded fissure eruption on the lower altitude zones of the rift on June 25, 2011, which then spread over to the vent forming new fountains of lava eruption. A major vent eruption was recorded on December 15, 2012, which then increased in frequency until the ultimate eruption on Tuesday, June 15th, 2015. The National Geological Society issued the initial warning to the communities living within a 100 km buffer to the Mauna Loa to consider moving in order to prevent loss of lives and the government and the Red Cross Society has been helping to move the people to safer regions. The ultimate eruption on Tuesday, June 15th, 2015 covered an estimated area of 2000 square kilometers with lav a and people are advised to keep of this region until the National Geological Society has declared the area safe.